Chemical Engineering and Catalysis

Environmental Engineering and Elementary Biology is something that you can get a degree in these days, but the field is one that existed long before it had a name, begun at the dawn of civilization when we started modifying our environment to meet our needs. It involves applying science and engineering practices to how we utilize and impact our natural resources. Modern environmental engineers work on solutions to issues like pollution reduction and clean-up, energy consumption and emissions, land erosion, water treatment and waste management to properly manage and maintain the quality of our soil, water and air. They strive to keep everyone healthier and happier by helping us live off the land more efficiently and less destructively. Environmentally Benign Catalysis: Over the past 22 years, Catalysis by Heteropolyacids (HPAs) has received wide attention and led to new and promising developments both at academic and industrial level. Heterogeneous catalysis is particularly attractive because it generally satisfies most of green chemistry’s requirements. By emphasizing the development of third generation catalysts, this volume presents trends and opportunities in academic and industrial research. Dealing with Low-pressure oxidative carbonylation of aniline, Clean combustion (catalyst challenges) and Zeolite technologies for a greener environment, this Conference appeals to postgraduates, researchers, and chemists working in the field of environmentally benign catalysts as well as catalytic processes.

Petrochemicals are chemical products developed from petroleum. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, and renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane. The most common petrochemicals are olefins and aromatics (including benzene, toluene and xylene isomers), Synthesis gas. Oil refineries produce olefins and aromatics by method of fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions. Chemical plants produce olefins by a steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane. Aromatics are produced by a process of catalytic reforming of naphtha. Petroleum refining processes are nothing but chemical engineering processes used in petroleum refineries to change crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. Each refinery has its own specific arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery places, desired products and economic considerations. The oil and gas security and service market size is estimated to increase from USD 26.34 Billion in 2015 to USD 33.90 Billion by 2020, at an estimated (CAGR) of 5.2% from 2015 to 2020.

The branch of engineering that handles with the technology of large-scale chemical production and the manufacture of products through chemical process. The Modern products of chemistry lead to cutting edge advancements applied technology in medical devices, aerospace, computing, fuels and more. As technology advances our nation’s primary chemicals management law must be updated to adapt to scientific progress and to promote that chemical products are safe for intended use. Chemistry Usage in Nanotechnology has many diverse applications, some of which include delivering drugs to specific cells, and repairing of damaged human tissue, improving efficiency of solar energy production and enabling both lighter, higher performance plastics for aerospace, construction and vehicles. Chemistry in the Space Age Aerospace needs the products of chemistry such as plastic space suits that can withstand 600 degree (Fahrenheit) temperature ranges. Chemistry in Computing has widespread use of touch screens, enabled by plastics, adhesives and other products of chemical technology are employed on cell phones, PDAs, computer screens. The global construction chemicals market (2015–2020) is estimated to reach USD 33.98 Billion by 2020 increasing at a rate of 7.62% between 2015 and 2020.

Biomolecular Engineering is an emerging discipline at the interface of molecular biology, biophysical chemistry, and chemical engineering. Biomolecular engineering is the application of engineering principles and practices to the purposeful manipulation of molecules of biological origin. A biomolecular engineer studies and manufactures new molecules to create products and processes that don't already exist in the natural world. Biomolecular engineering research includes mathematical modelling of biomolecules and biological processes, their quantitative measurements, visiualizations, multidimensional and detailed structural analyses, protein structure prediction using current approaches protein structure- function relationships, rational design of bioactive molecules discovery of new target molecules leading to new drug discoveries, construction of artificial gene circuits to produce novel gene products. Worldwide, biomedical engineering is rapidly developing given its crucial role in the biomedical field.

Polymerization is the process of combination of many small biochemical molecules known as monomers into a covalently bonded chain. During the polymerization process, few chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. Monomers are terephthalic acid, ethylene glycol Laboratory synthetic method are step-growth polymerization and chain-growth polymerization. The essential variation between the two is that in chain growth polymerization, monomers are added to the chain one at a time only, such as in polyethylene, But in step-growth polymerization chains of monomers may combine with one another directly. The global polymer chemistry market is projected to reach USD 4.4 Billion by 2020, signifying firm annualized growth of 7% between 2015 and 2020.

Biofuel are manufactured using a wide range of resources. This variety has grown in recent years, aiding to shape a dexterous industry that is steadily searching for a new technology and feedstock.

Organic chemistry handles with the synthesis and behaviour of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds but not the carbon based compounds which are the subjects of organic chemistry. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry catalysis, material science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medicine, fuel, agriculture. And many inorganic compounds are ionic compounds, consisting of cat-ions and anions joined by ionic bonding. Inorganic compounds are naturally found in nature as minerals. The easiest inorganic reaction is double displacement when in mixing of two salts the ions are swapped without a change in oxidation state. In redox reactions one reactant, the oxidant lowers its oxidation state and the other reactant has its oxidation state increased. Different classifications are : Coordination compounds , Main group compounds , Transition metal compounds , Organometallic compounds , Bioinorganic compounds , Solid state compounds. The global inorganic scintillators market is broadly categorized into healthcare, nuclear power plants, industrial and defence. In 2013, the healthcare accounted for the largest share of the global inorganic scintillators market, by application.

Thermodynamics is a division of physics involved with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work .Thermodynamics applies to a wide range of subjects in science and engineering, mainly physical chemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering. Thermodynamic equilibrium is one of the very important concepts of thermodynamics. A thermodynamic operation usually results in thermodynamic process of transfer of mass or energy that modifies the state of the system, and the transfer occurs in natural accord with the laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic systems are theoretical constructions used to model physical systems that convert matter and energy in terms of the laws of thermodynamics. The global Distributed Control System (DCS) market is expected to range USD 19.82 Billion by 2020, at a CAGR of 4.91% from 2015 to 2020. Distributed control systems are helping end-users to address complex process automation challenges effectively.

Biochemical engineering is a department of Chemical Engineering that mainly deals with the design and construction of unit operations that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. Its applications are in the petrochemical industry, food and pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and water treatment industries. A bioreactor may also refer to a device meant to grow cells or tissues in the ambience of cell culture. These devices are being developed for use in tissue engineering or biochemical engineering. Different types of Bioreactors are Photo bioreactor, Sewage treatment, Up and Down agitation bioreactor, NASA tissue cloning bioreactor, Moss bioreactor. The biomaterials market currently generates more than $30 billion globally, and is expected to increase at a double-digit CAGR in the next few years. Orthopaedic applications form the largest division of the overall biomaterials market. Polymer-based biomaterials are expected to initiate the next wave of market growth; and the future biochips and biosensors business segments also offer huge growth potential.

Environmental Engineering basically is a branch of applied science which involves the issues of energy preservation, protection and control of wastes from human and animal activities. It also includes waste water management, air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, animal agriculture, environmental sustainability, public health and environmental engineering law.

Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallization occurs in a crystallizer.

Chemical reaction engineering involves organising plant processes and conditions to ensure optimal plant operation to construct models for reactor process design and analysis. Many applications of chemical engineering involves in day to day life like rubber, plastic, cement, sugar, ceramic etc.

Renewable chemicals are used for increasing the use of renewable resources rather than fossil fuels. Renewable chemicals contain all the chemicals which are produced from renewable feedstock such as microorganisms, biomass (plant, animal, and marine), and agricultural raw materials. Renewable chemicals are utilized in several applications across different Chemical industries such as in food processing, housing, textiles, environment, transportation, hygiene, pharmaceutical, and other applications. Renewable chemicals are mainly available as ketones, alcohols, organic acids, and bio-polymers. They are used in surfactants and lubricants, consumer goods, resins, and plastics for environmental purpose. There are diverse technologies available in chemical engineering which are used for making renewable chemicals The renewable chemicals market is expanding primarily the resources of renewable chemicals, and the consumer’s inclination towards using eco-friendly products. The high cost and certain subjects related to the production of renewable chemicals are the factors that are hampering the development of this market. Presently Europe forms the largest market for renewable chemicals, but Asia-Pacific is driving the market growth, and is expected to override the renewable chemicals market by 2020.

The Chemical Industry and Market Analysis is one of the quickest growing segments in manufacturing industry. Chemicals broadly contain bulk petrochemicals and intermediates, minerals, polymers, more derivatives, etc. The industry has been undergoing through important structural modifications in the recent years, such as new developing markets, change in manufacturing places, superior technologies, and rising raw material cost. The key challenges for the industry are government regulations, carbon-emission policies, and economies of scale. Transparency Market Research provides study on sealants, adhesives, explosives, chemicals, agro-chemicals, petrochemicals, renewable chemicals paints and coatings, colorants, biodegradable plastics, and other chemicals.

In the field of Chemical Engineering separation process is the mass transfer that converts the substance mixture into specific product mixtures. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into its pure constituents. Separation Techniques are conducted based on the differences between chemical properties, or physical properties like size, shape, mass, density and chemical affinity, between the constituents of a mixture, and are often differentiated according to the specific differences they use to achieve .The Global process Instrumentation market is expected to reach $18.96 Billion by 2020, at a CAGR of 3.34% from 2014 to 2020. Region leads the overall Process Instrumentation market.

Physical Organic Chemistry is the study of the relationship between structure and reactivity of organic molecules. More specifically, physical organic chemistry applies the experimental tools of physical chemistry to the study of the structure of organic molecules and provides a theoretical framework that interprets how structure influences both mechanisms and rates of organic reaction.

Dimerization Unit

Isomerization Unit

Petroleum Refining

Mining & Metallurgy

Fluid Catalytic Converter Unit

Downstream and Upstream Process

Distillation Unit and Heat Exchangers

Petrochemicals, Chemicals & fertilizers

Atmospheric Distillation (distills crude oil into fractions)

Material Science and Engineering involves the discovery and design of new materials.  Many of the most pressing scientific problems humans currently face is due to the limitations of the materials that are available and, as a result, major breakthroughs in materials science are likely to affect the future of technology significantly. Materials scientists lay stress on understanding how the history of a material influences its structure, and thus its properties and performance. All engineered products from airplanes to musical instruments, alternative energy sources related to ecologically-friendly manufacturing processes, medical devices to artificial tissues, computer chips to data storage devices and many more are made from materials. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy.

An Electrochemical Synthesis is a chemical reaction that is caused by the movement of electrical current. These processes are a type of oxidation-reduction chemical reactions in which one atom or molecule loses an electron to another atom or molecule. In electrochemical process, the atoms or molecules in the reaction are relatively far apart from each other compared to other reactions, forcing the electrons being transferred to travel a greater distance and thereby produce an electrical current. Many natural phenomena are depend on Electrochemical Methods, such as the corrosion of metals, the ability of some sea creatures to produce electrical fields, and the workings of the nervous systems of humans and other animals. They also play an important part in modern Chemical technology, most prominently in the storage of electrical power in batteries, and the electrochemical process called electrolysis is important in modern industry. Neurons use electrochemical processes to transmit data through the nervous system, allowing the nervous system to communicate with itself and with the rest of the body. The electrochemical instruments market is segmented on the basis of products, methodologies, end user, and region. The global electrochemical instruments market was valued at $1,713.0 Million in 2014 and is poised to increase at a CAGR of 5.2% during the forecasted period

Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.

Biochemical Engineering is an essential area in modern biotechnology. Biochemical Engineering includes Bioreactor and fermenter design aspects, Industrial biotechnology, Photo Bioreactor Electrochemical Energy Conversion, Biological Hydrogen production (Algae), Biofuel from algae, Bioreactor landfill, and Moss bioreactor